Software testing

Difference between SoapUI and Postman

Both SoapUI and Postman are very famous tools for API testing and API Automation. Below are the major differences between SoapUI and Postman and the criteria for choosing them for REST API.

1. SoapUI covers the testing of all API protocols like Soap, REST and GraphQL whereas Postman supports only REST API Testing

2. SoapUI provides 14 days trial and then you have to pay to get a license whereas Postman is a free Chrome browser extension

3. SoapUI supports customization of Reports in different formats whereas Postman supports reporting only in JSON and HTML formats.

4. SoapUI is one of the most trustworthy tool for API automation testing whereas Postman is a used for REST APIs manual as well as exploratory testing

5. SoapUI is a heavy tool in-comparison to Postman as this is a chrome extension

6. In Soap UI,you can use Groovy or JavaScript for more complicated automation such as validating the results, extracting data, using external Java libraries or running system processes. Groovy IDE is compatible with Java and you can easily write your code in Java with very few modifications.But in Postman there is no concept of groovy.

I hope the above information will clarify your doubts in terms of differences and criteria to select one of them depending upon the requirement.

HTTP Status Code

HTTP STATUS CODE- 

200 OK- The request has succeeded. The meaning of the success depends on the HTTP method:
GET: The resource has been fetched and is transmitted in the message body.
HEAD: The entity headers are in the message body.
PUT or POST: The resource describing the result of the action is transmitted in the message body.
TRACE: The message body contains the request message as received by the server.

201 Created- The request has succeeded and a new resource has been created as a result. This is typically the response sent after POST requests, or some PUT requests.

202 Accepted - The request has been received but not yet acted upon. It is noncommittal, since there is no way in HTTP to later send an asynchronous response indicating the outcome of the request. It is intended for cases where another process or server handles the request, or for batch processing.

204 No Content- There is no content to send for this request, but the headers may be useful. The user-agent may update its cached headers for this resource with the new ones.

Redirection messages--

300 Multiple Choice- The request has more than one possible response. The user-agent or user should choose one of them. 

301 Moved Permanently- The URL of the requested resource has been changed permanently. The new URL is given in the response.

302 Found- This response code means that the URI of requested resource has been changed temporarily. Further changes in the URI might be made in the future. Therefore, this same URI should be used by the client in future requests.

Client error responses-

400 Bad Request-The server could not understand the request due to invalid syntax.

401 Unauthorized- Although the HTTP standard specifies "unauthorized", semantically this response means "unauthenticated". That is, the client must authenticate itself to get the requested response.

403 Forbidden-The client does not have access rights to the content; that is, it is unauthorized, so the server is refusing to give the requested resource. Unlike 401, the client's identity is known to the server.

404 Not Found- The server can not find the requested resource. In the browser, this means the URL is not recognized. In an API, this can also mean that the endpoint is valid but the resource itself does not exist. Servers may also send this response instead of 403 to hide the existence of a resource from an unauthorized client. 

405 Method Not Allowed- The request method is known by the server but has been disabled and cannot be used.

Server error responses-

500 Internal Server Error- The server has encountered a situation it doesn't know how to handle.

501 Not implemented- The request method is not supported by the server and cannot be handled. The only methods that servers are required to support (and therefore that must not return this code) are GET and HEAD.

502 Bad Gateway- This error response means that the server, while working as a gateway to get a response needed to handle the request, got an invalid response.

503 Service Unavailable -The server is not ready to handle the request. Common causes are a server that is down for maintenance or that is overloaded. Note that together with this response, a user-friendly page explaining the problem should be sent. T

504 Gateway Timeout - This error response is given when the server is acting as a gateway and cannot get a response in time.

505 HTTP Version Not Supported -The HTTP version used in the request is not supported by the server.

SQL Commands

 select 

AS forcolumn name 

select name, continent as "continent name" from Country order by Name;

select name, continent as "continent name" from Country order by Name;

select name, continent , region from Country where continent= "Europe" order by Name LIMIT 5 offset 5;

select name as "Country" from Country;

select count(*) from Country where population> 100000 AND Continent= "Europe";

    

 select * from customer;

insert into customer(name,address, city, state, zip)

values("FRD ","abc","KK","CL","334");

update customer SET address= "klllll" where id = 2;

delete from customer where id = 4;

select * from customer ;

create table test(

a integer,

b text

);

insert into test values (1,'a');

insert into test values (2,'b');

insert into test default values;

select * from test;

drop table test ;

drop table if exists test;

create table test(

a integer not null,

b text not null,

c text

);

insert into test values (1,'this','that');

insert into test (a,b,c) values ('one','two','');

select * from test;

 

null is not a value the null state represnts a lack  of value 

Constraints in SQL

 not nul, uniques 

create table test (a Text unique, b text, c text default 'cat');

insert into test (a,b) values ('one','two');

insert into test (a,b) values ('three','two');

select * from test;

alter table test add e text default 'dog';

select * from test;

alter table test add e text default 'dog';

select * from test;

select name, population from country

where population <50000 OR population is null order by population desc;

select name, population, continent from country

create table left (id integer, description text);

create table right(id integer, description text);

insert into left values (1, 'leftone'); 

insert into left values (2, 'lefttwo');

insert into left values (3, 'leftthree');

insert into left values (4, 'leftfour');

insert into left values (5, 'leftfive');

insert into left values (6, 'leftsix');

insert into left values (7, 'leftseven');

insert into left values (8, 'lefteight');

insert into right values(1, 'rightone');

insert into right values(2, 'righttwo');

insert into right values(3, 'rightthree');

insert into right values(4, 'rightfour');

insert into right values(5, 'rightfive');

insert into right values(6, 'rightsix');

insert into right values(7, 'rightseven');

select * from left;

select  *from right;

select l.description as left , r.description as right 

    from left as l

    left join right as r on l.id= r.id

    ;

where continent in ('Asia', 'Europe') order by name;

select distinct continent from country; more unique results 

select s.id as sale ,i.name, s.price

from sale as s

join item as i on s.item_id= i.id;

insert into customer (name) values ('jane smith');

select * from customer;

select c.name as cust, c.zip, i.name as item,i.description, s.quantity as quan,s.price as price

from sale as s

join item as i on s.item_id= i.id

join customer as c on s.customer_id= c.id

order by cust, item

;

insert into customer (name) values ('jane smith');

select * from customer;

select c.name as cust, c.zip, i.name as item,i.description, s.quantity as quan,s.price as price

from customer as c

left join sale as s on s.customer_id= c.id

left join item as i on s.item_id= i.id

order by cust, item

;

strings- 

select released,

substr(released, 1, 4) as year,

substr(released, 6, 2)as month,

substr(released, 1, 4) as day

from album order by released 

;

select released,

substr(released, 1, 4) as year,

substr(released, 6, 2)as month,

substr(released, 1, 4) as day

from album order by released;

select  RTRIM ('   string');

select 'string'= 'STRing';

select LOWER('string')= lower('STRing');

select upper('string')= lower('STRing');

numeric type --

select typeof(1+1);

select typeof(1+1.2);

select typeof('first');

select typeof('first' + 'name');

select 1/2;

select cast(1 as real)/2;

select 17/5;

select round(2.455555);

select 17%5;

date and time

select datetime('now');

select date('now');

select time('now');

select datetime('now','+1 day');

aggregates:

having for aggregate data 

where by for non aggregate data 

select a.title as album , count(t.track_number) as tracks

from track as t

join album as a

on a.id= t.album_id

group by a.id

order by Tracks desc,album

;

Use the __distinct___ keyword to remove duplicates from a result

Use the _group by ____ clause to collate groups of results before calling an aggregate function.
















You can undo an unfinished transaction by using the ___rollback__ statement.

begin transction

end transaction







create table updatesale(id interger primary key, itemid integer, quan integer, covalue integer);

insert into updatesale(itemid, quan ,covalue) values (31,2,33);

create trigger updatesale before update on sale

Begin

select raise(rollback ,"can not update") from updatesale

where id=new.id and covalue= 1;

End

;

Begin transaction;

update updatesale set quan= 9 where id=3;

End Transaction;

select * from updatesale;









The SELECT ___distinct__ statement removes duplicates from a result set.




To insert a blank row use the _default____ clause.




To delete a table, use the ___drop__ statement.

What are the three arguments for the SUBSTR() function in SQLite?



You are correct!


string to evaluate, starting position, length of string


The type of trigger to use for preventing updates to reconciled rows is _____


delete rows - delete cmd


delete table- drop table


alter table - add new coulmn


id integer primary key


substr(stringstart,end)


length


trim


upper lower

Commonly Used Attributes in Nunit

 Catagory- The Category attribute provides an alternative to suites for dealing with groups of tests. Either individual test cases or fixtures may be identified as belonging to a particular category

Description - -The Description attribute is used to apply descriptive text to a Test, TestFixture or Assembly

expected Condition -This is the way to specify that the execution of a test will throw an exception. This attribute has a number of positional and named parameters, which we will discuss in separate sections according to the purpose they serve.

Explicit -The Explicit attribute causes a test or test fixture to be ignored unless it is explicitly selected for running. The test or fixture will be run if it is selected in the gui, if its name is specified on the console runner command line as the fixture to run or if it is included by use of a Category filter.

ignore-The ignore attribute is an attribute to not run a test or test fixture for a period of time. The person marks either a Test or a TestFixture with the Ignore Attribute

Platform-The Platform attribute is used to specify platforms for which a test or fixture should be run

Properly -The Property attribute provides a generalized approach to setting named properties on any test case or fixture, using a name/value pair.

 

SetUp -This is the attribute that marks a class that contains the one-time setup or teardown methods for all the test fixtures under a given namespace. The class may contain at most one method marked with the SetUpAttribute 

TearDown-This attribute is used inside a TestFixture to provide a common set of functions that are performed after each test method is run. A TestFixture can have only one TearDown method

TestFixture -This is the attribute that marks a class that contains tests and, optionally, setup or teardown methods.

TestFixture Set Up- This attribute is used inside a TestFixture to provide a single set of functions that are performed once prior to executing any of the tests in the fixture.

TestFixture Tear Down--This attribute is used inside a TestFixture to provide a single set of functions that are performed once after all tests are completed

 Parallel test execution - do not declare static 

use [parallelizable]

What is Specflow???

SpecFlow is a test automation solution for .NET built upon the BDD paradigm. Use SpecFlow to define, manage and automatically execute human-readable acceptance tests in .NET projects (Full Framework and .NET Core).

SpecFlow tests are written using  Ghekin, which allows you to write test cases using natural languages. SpecFlow uses the official Gherkin parser, which supports over 70 languages.

These tests are then tied to your application code using so-called  bindings, allowing you to execute the tests using the testing framework of your choice.

You can also execute your tests using SpecFlow’s own dedicated test runner, SpecFlow+ Runner.

The automation that connects the Gherkin specifications to source code is called a binding. The binding classes and methods can be defined in the SpecFlow project

The step definition that automates the scenario at the step level. This means that instead of providing automation for the entire scenario, it has to be done for each separate step.

hooks can be used to perform additional automation logic on specific events, e.g. before executing a scenario.

what is Scenario Outline:   Multiple iteration of same scenario with different data.

Data Driven Testing in SpecFlow-

Data Driven Testing in SpecFlow-

1.  Parameterization without Example Keyword-

LogIn_Feature.feature






2.  Data Driven Testing in SpecFlow using Scenario Outline-

Parameterization with Example Keyword
@mytag
Scenario Outline: Successful Login with Valid Credentials
Given User is at the Home Page
And Navigate to LogIn Page
When User enter <username> and <password>
And Click on the LogIn button
Then Successful LogIN message should display
Examples:
| username | password |
| testuser_1 | Test@123 |
| testuser_2 | Test@153 |

3.Parameterization using Tables

Transform Table into Dictionary using Table.Rows
Transform Table into DataTable using Table.Header
Tables – CreateInstance
Tables – CreateSet

here is the link:

https://www.toolsqa.com/specflow/tables-in-specflow/

4. Data Driven Testing in SpecFlow using External Files-

Parameterization using Excel Files
Parameterization using Json
Parameterization using XML

BDD vs TDD vs ATDD

TDD-

It is an iterative development process . Each iteration starts with a set of tests written for a new piece of functionality. Test cases are created before the code is written. It instructs the developer to write new code once the test has failed .

Re-factoring refers to the process of modifying the code without changing its main functionality or behaviour.

Benefits of Test-Driven Development--
Unit test cases are covered early.
Helps reduce the amount of time required for rework.
Helps explore bugs or errors very quickly.
Helps get faster feedback.
Encourages the development of cleaner and better designs.
Enhances the productivity of the programmer.
Allows any team member to start working on the code in the absence of a specific team member. This encourages knowledge sharing and collaboration.
Gives the programmer confidence to change the large architecture of an application.

Steps- 

Add a test , Run tests  if fails write code to fix it , Run test, Refactor code, Repeat 

For Example--

The test you write might look like this:
Describe('sum()', function () { it('should return the sum of given numbers', function () { expect(simpleCalculator.sum(1,2)).to.equal(3); expect(simpleCalculator.sum(5,5)).to.equal(10); }); })

Your implementation is currently empty. You haven’t implemented yet, so the tests will fail. You want to verify that your test is deterministic: it will tell you when it should fail or pass.
var Calculator = function () { return true // implementation goes here }
Implement it. Make the test pass. Here we’ll write the code that will make the test pass.
var Calculator = function () { return{ sum: function(number1, number2){ return number1 + number2; } }; }

Now your test will be satisfied, because we’ve added the function.

Disadvantage- Rewrite the test when the requirement change.

RED-GREEN-REFACTOR

BDD- 

User-acceptance testing (UI-driven testing) builds on this user acceptance criteria and user story. UI-driven testing usually uses tools like  selenium or cucumber which help test against the user’s journey on a site that’s up and running.

The user journey story represents a user’s behaviour. Using the business requirements provided, the developer can think about scenarios of how a user will use this new functionality. And those scenarios can be used to write the tests. This is called behaviour-driven development (BDD).

BDD is a widely-used method in UI-driven testing. It is written in a structure known as “Given, When and Then.”
Given - the state of the system that will receive the behaviour/action
When - the behaviour/action that happens and causes the result in the end
Then - the result caused by the behaviour in the state

Business-Driven Development (BDD) is a testing approach derived from the Test-Driven Development (TDD) methodology. In BDD, tests are mainly based on systems behaviour. This approach defines various ways to develop a feature based on its behaviour. 

Let’s take an example for better understanding:
Given the user has entered valid login credentials
When a user clicks on the login button
Then display the successful validation message

Key benefits of Behavioral-Driven Development approach:

Helps reach a wider audience by the usage of non-technical language
Focuses on how the system should behave from the customer’s and the developer’s perspective
BDD Is a cost-effective technique
Reduces efforts needed to verify any post-deployment defects.

ATDD-
Acceptance Test-Driven Development is very similar to Behavioral-Driven Development. However, a key difference between them is: BDD focuses more on the behavior of the feature, whereas ATDD focuses on capturing the accurate requirement

Jenkins with Github

Hello everyone, I am going to share some screenshots how to proceed -

I have done the procedure both manually and automatically.

firsly I have created a java project and run that project into command line . 

I run the java project in cmd line and start my jenkins from there only using -  java -jar jenkins.war command.


What next???

Then I created a job in jenkins and was able to run that project.

These commands  I have used in  Execute windows batch command in build- 

 Cd /Users/Reyansh/eclipse-workspace/firstproject/src

javac firstproject/firstproject.java

java firstproject/firstproject

Now comes to automation-

firstly make github account and create a remote repo and make a connection between local and remote repo.

Now, check git install plugin in jenkins.

create a job -

I have set up poll SCM-

Now if I start run my project, it will run but what I have done i went back to my project and made some changes and without click on build, It started the job itself.  As I have set up 

Poll SCM , it will check git repo every minute .

you can see in the output , it started by scm change-

JENKINS

Jenkins is a powerful application that allows continuous integration and continuous delivery of projects, regardless of the platform you are working on. It is a free source that can handle any kind of build or continuous integration. You can integrate Jenkins with a number of testing and deployment technologies.

1. Download the software from https://www.jenkins.io/ and Double click


2.  Click on Next

3. Click on Next



4. click on run on localsystem

5. Warning Symbol will get converted into green tick. Click on Next




6. Enter the port number as 8080 or 8081 and click on Test port to get the warning button get converted into green tick. Then click on next

7. Click on next


8. Choose option under Firewall Exception and click on next


9. Click on Install





10.





11. Jenkins will be Installed and will automatically open the page localhost:8080/



12. Fill Details





13. Jenkin Dashboard

How to work between local repository and Remote repository

 Firstly you have to create an account on github and then create an empty repository . You can go for public or private.

Once you created a repo, the next step will be to include in your local repo.

go to your terminal where you want to add your remote repo.

newproject(master)> git remote add origin http://-----------------------------------(url)

> cat .git/config

> git branch 

> git branch -r 

It is now tracked with your local repo.

if you want to push your code to remote repo . Do this step-

> git push -u origin master 

> git branch 

> git branch -a 

Now let's sat we want to add that project in my computer not in same folder. assume my Colleauge work - 

> git clone http://----------  newproject 

then newproject folder will be created with all the cloned project '

newproject(master)> ls -la

How to track remote branches -

mainproject(master)>git branch non-tracking

> git push origin non-tracking

We have to specify the remote branch now 

Set up to track remote branch from origin'

>git branch -u origin/non-tracking non-tracking

for non tracking we can use this command-

> git branch --unset -upstream non-tracking

Push changes to Remote Repo-

Before push we have to amke some changes 

mainproject(master)> git commit -am "changes are done"

>git log --oneline -5 origin/master

>git log diff origin/master..master 

> git push 

origin/master is tracking branch 

> git log --oneline origin/master 

Fetch the changes from remote repo-

newproject(master)> git log 

>git log orgin/master

>git branch

>git branch -r

>git Fetch

>git log --oneline origin/master 

now master branch will not change 

we have to merge in fetched changes -

> git diff origin/master..master 

>git merge origin/master 

>git log --oneline origin/master

Basically git Fecth + Merge = Pull

Check out Remote branches -

newproejct (master)> git branch non-tracking origin/non-tracking

>git log --oneline non-tracking

>cat .git/config

> git branch -d non-tracking 

>git checkout  -b non-tracking origin/non-traking

>git checkout master 

>git commit -am "new changes "

> git push 

Delete a Remote Branch-

git push origin : non-tracking

2nd method- git push origin --delete non-traking 

====================================================================

Let take an example - My work and / My collegue work 

My Work- git checkout master 

>git fetch 

>git merge origin/master 

>git checkout -b newbranch 

>git commit -am "new changes"

> git fetch

>git push -u origin newbranch 

======================================

My Collegue Work == cheking the remote repo what changes ahs been dine in new rep and make new changes in that branch and agin push to remote repo.

git checkout master 

git fetch 

git merge origin/master 

git chekout -b newbranch origin/newbranch 

git log

git show SHA

git commit -am 

git Fetch

git push 

===================================

My Work= check if i want to see my colleuge work and want to make some changes '

>git fetch 

>git log -p newbranch..origin/newbranch

>git merge orgin ./newbranch 

git checkout master 

git fetch 

git merge origin/master 

git merge newbranch 

git push 

=======================================

 

GIT and GITHUB

Git - Is software keeeping track of changes . it is version control and comapre the different versions.

manage source code .

Here are some commands -

git config
Utility : To set your user name and email in the main configuration file.
How to : To check your name and email type in git config --global user.name and git config --global user.email. And to set your new email or name git config --global user.name = “” and git config --global user.email = “”

git init
Utility : To initialise a git repository for a new or existing project.
How to : git init in the root of your project directory.

git clone
Utility : To copy a git repository from remote source, also sets the remote to original source so that you can pull again.
How to : git clone <:clone git url:>

git status
Utility : To check the status of files you’ve changed in your working directory, i.e, what all has changed since your last commit.
How to : git status in your working directory. lists out all the files that have been changed.

git add
Utility : adds changes to stage/index in your working directory.
How to : git add .

git commit
Utility : commits your changes and sets it to new commit object for your remote.
How to : git commit -m”sweet little commit message”

git push/git pull
Utility : Push or Pull your changes to remote. If you have added and committed your changes and you want to push them. Or if your remote has updated and you want those latest changes.
How to : git pull <:remote:> <:branch:> and git push <:remote:> <:branch:>

git branch
Utility : Lists out all the branches.
How to : git branch or git branch -a to list all the remote branches as well.

git checkout
Utility : Switch to different branches
How to : git checkout <:branch:> or **_git checkout -b <:branch:> if you want to create and switch to a new branch.

git stash
Utility : Save changes that you don’t want to commit immediately.
How to : git stash in your working directory. git stash apply if you want to bring your saved changes back.

git merge
Utility : Merge two branches you were working on.
How to : Switch to branch you want to merge everything in. git merge <:branch_you_want_to_merge:>

git reset
Utility : You know when you commit changes that are not complete, this sets your index to the latest commit that you want to work on with.
How to : git reset <:mode:> <:COMMIT:>

git remote
Utility : To check what remote/source you have or add a new remote.
How to : git remote to check and list. And git remote add <:remote_url:>

git commit -am 

Utility: To commit and add together 

How to : git commit -am "message"

git diff 

Uitility - to check the difference between two branches or check difference between working directory and staging area 

how to: git diff master..newbranch

git diff 

git diff --staged

Utility- To check difference between staging area and repository '

Howe to : git diff --staged 

git restore 

Utitlity - restore the cjhanges which are in staging area 

How to: git --restore file1

git reset


git-reset - Reset current HEAD to the specified state

git reset HEAD filename - to reset to working directory from staging area .


git reset [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>…​ git reset [-q] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] [<tree-ish>] git reset (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>…​] git reset [--soft | --mixed [-N] | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>]



--soft

Does not touch the index file or the working tree at all (but resets the head to <commit>, just like all modes do). This leaves all your changed files "Changes to be committed", as git status would put it.--mixed

Resets the index but not the working tree (i.e., the changed files are preserved but not marked for commit) and reports what has not been updated. This is the default action.


If -N is specified, removed paths are marked as intent-to-add (see git-add[1]).--hard

Resets the index and working tree. Any changes to tracked files in the working tree since <commit> are discarded.




git show SHA - to get the details related to that SHA

git rm filename - to delete a file

git mv file 1 file 2 - to rename a file name

git commit amend -m "chnge the commit"- if you want to change in the commit

git revert - to revert the commit

git revert shaname

git branch -m branchnamenew - for rename a branch name

git branch -d branchname

What is cloud????

what is cloud?

Cloud is new way of thinking .about massive scale of servers.

NIST defines 5 characteristics of cloud- on demand self service

broad network access

resource polling

rapid elasticity

measured service

What are the benefits -

eliminates buying cost of hardware no more h/w set up

pay only for the services used

Better performance

security updates id done by cloud vendors

professional troubleshooting

Scalability - start small and build out as as needed

Elasticity- Grow or shrink resources dynamically

Azure offers three main cloud computing platform services: SaaS – Software as a Service. IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service. PaaS – Platform as a Service.

IaaS- It allows customer to instantly provision servers, network switches, firewall and other physical devices.

SaaS - It allows users to connect to and use cloud based apps over the internet.

PaaS- PaaS vendors provide one or more platforms upon which applications and services can be built. A complete development and deployemnt cloud envronement

For Enterprises-

Buy through the Azure Portal

Add azure to your existing enterprise agreement

Use through a Microsoft cloud solution provider

Azure APP service benefits-

write code in a multitude languages . For example- .NET, core, java, PHP, Python, Node.js, supports Devops tooling

Create APP Service in Azure  -

App service offers an abstracted web server.

1.Azure portal- web app, API app , go to the marketplace , web, featured template,

2. command line

3. web Developer tool like Microsoft visual basic

create a web app on App service

app creates a virtual machine

install preconfigured Operating System

host API app and web app on APP service

Azure storage

Azure Database

AWS

AWS (Amazon Web Services) is a comprehensive, evolving cloud computing platform provided by Amazon that includes a mixture of infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and packaged software as a service (SaaS) offerings.

Availability-

Amazon Web Services provides services from dozens of data centers spread across availability zones (AZs) in regions across the world. An AZ is a location that contains multiple physical data centers. A region is a collection of AZs in geographic proximity connected by low-latency network links.

A business will choose one or multiple availability zones for a variety of reasons, such as compliance and proximity to end customers. For example, an AWS customer can spin up virtual machines (VMs) and replicate data in different AZs to achieve a highly reliable infrastructure that is resistant to failures of individual servers or an entire data center.

Storage-

Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) provides scalable object storage for data backup, collection and analytics. An IT professional stores data and files as S3 objects -- which can range up to 5 gigabytes (GB) -- inside S3 buckets to keep them organized. A business can save money with S3 through its Infrequent Access storage tier or by using Amazon Glacier for long-term cold storage.

Amazon Elastic Block Store provides block-level storage volumes for persistent data storage when using EC2 instances. Amazon Elastic File System offers managed cloud-based file storage.

A business can also migrate data to the cloud via storage transport devices, such as AWS Snowball and Snowmobile, or use AWS Storage Gateway to enable on-premises apps to access cloud data.
Databases, data management

The Amazon Relational Database Service -- which includes options for Oracle, SQL Server, PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB and a proprietary high-performance database called Amazon Aurora -- provides a relational database management system for AWS users. AWS also offers managed NoSQL databases through Amazon DynamoDB.

An AWS customer can use Amazon ElastiCache and DynamoDB Accelerator as in-memory and real-time data caches for applications. Amazon Redshift offers a data warehouse, which makes it easier for data analysts to perform business intelligence (BI) tasks.
Migration, hybrid cloud

AWS includes various tools and services designed to help users migrate applications, databases, servers and data onto its public cloud. The AWS Migration Hub provides a location to monitor and manage migrations from on premises to the cloud. Once in the cloud, EC2 Systems Manager helps an IT team configure on-premises servers and AWS instances.

Amazon also has partnerships with several technology vendors that ease hybrid cloud deployments. VMware Cloud on AWS brings software-defined data center technology from VMware to the AWS cloud. Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Amazon EC2 is the product of another partnership, extending Red Hat's operating system to the AWS cloud.

Networking-

An Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) gives an administrator control over a virtual network to use an isolated section of the AWS cloud. AWS automatically provisions new resources within a VPC for extra protection.

Admins can balance network traffic with the Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) service, which includes the Application Load Balancer and Network Load Balancer. AWS also provides a domain name system called Amazon Route 53 that routes end users to applications.

An IT professional can establish a dedicated connection from an on-premises data center to the AWS cloud via AWS Direct Connect.

Developer tools-

A developer can take advantage of AWS command-line tools and software development kits (SDKs) to deploy and manage applications and services. This includes:
The AWS Command Line Interface, which is Amazon's proprietary code interface.
A developer can use AWS Tools for Powershell to manage cloud services from Windows environments.
Developers can use AWS Serverless Application Model to simulate an AWS environment to test Lambda functions.

AWS SDKs are available for a variety of platforms and programming languages, including Java, PHP, Python, Node.js, Ruby, C++, Android and iOS.

Amazon API Gateway enables a development team to create, manage and monitor custom application program interfaces (APIs) that let applications access data or functionality from back-end services. API Gateway manages thousands of concurrent API calls at once.

AWS also provides a packaged media transcoding service -- Amazon Elastic Transcoder -- and a service that visualizes workflows for microservices-based applications -- AWS Step Functions.

A development team can also create continuous integration and continuous delivery pipelines with services like:
AWS CodePipeline
AWS CodeBuild
AWS CodeDeploy
AWS CodeStar

A developer can also store code in Git repositories with AWS CodeCommit and evaluate the performance of microservices-based applications with AWS X-Ray.
Management and monitoring

An admin can manage and track cloud resource configuration via AWS Config and AWS Config Rules. Those tools, along with AWS Trusted Advisor, can help an IT team avoid improperly configured and needlessly expensive cloud resource deployments.

AWS provides several automation tools in its portfolio. An admin can automate infrastructure provisioning via AWS CloudFormation templates, and also use AWS OpsWorks and Chef to automate infrastructure and system configurations.

An AWS customer can monitor resource and application health with Amazon CloudWatch and the AWS Personal Health Dashboard, as well as use AWS CloudTrail to retain user activity and API calls for auditing.

Security and governance-

AWS provides a range of services for cloud security, including AWS Identity and Access Management, which allows admins to define and manage user access to resources. An admin can also create a user directory with Amazon Cloud Directory, or connect cloud resources to an existing Microsoft Active Directory with the AWS Directory Service. Additionally, the AWS Organizations service enables a business to establish and manage policies for multiple AWS accounts.

AWS also includes tools and services that provide software- and hardware-based encryption, protect against DDoS attacks, provision Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates and filter potentially harmful traffic to web applications.

The AWS Management Console is a browser-based graphical user interface (GUI) for AWS. The Management Console can be used to manage resources in cloud computing, cloud storage and security credentials. The AWS Console interfaces with all AWS resources.
Artificial intelligence

AWS offers a range of AI model development and delivery platforms, as well as packaged AI-based applications. The Amazon AI suite of tools includes:
Amazon Lex for voice and text chatbot technology;
Amazon Polly for text-to-speech translation; and
Amazon Rekognition for image and facial analysis.

AWS also provides technology for developers to build smart apps that rely on machine learning technology and complex algorithms.

With AWS Deep Learning Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), developers can create and train custom AI models with clusters of graphics processing units (GPUs) or compute-optimized instances. AWS also includes deep learning development frameworks for MXNet and TensorFlow.

On the consumer side, AWS technologies power the Alexa Voice Services, and a developer can use the Alexa Skills Kit to build voice-based apps for Echo devices.
Mobile development

The AWS Mobile Hub offers a collection of tools and services for mobile app developers, including the AWS Mobile SDK, which provides code samples and libraries.

A mobile app developer can also use Amazon Cognito to manage user access to mobile apps, as well as Amazon Pinpoint to send push notifications to application end users and then analyze the effectiveness of those communications.
Messages and notifications

AWS messaging services provide core communication for users and applications. Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a managed message queue that sends, stores and receives messages between components of distributed applications to ensure that the parts of an application work as intended.

Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS) enables a business to send publish/subscribe messages to endpoints, such as end users or services. SNS includes a mobile messaging feature that enables push messaging to mobile devices. Amazon Simple Email Service (SES) provides a platform for IT professionals and marketers to send and receive emails.
AR & VR (Augmented reality and virtual reality)

AWS offers augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) development tools through the Amazon Sumerian service. Amazon Sumerian allows users to create AR and VR applications without needing to know programming or create 3D graphics. The service also enables users to test and publish applications in-browser. Amazon Sumerian can be used in:
3D web applications
E-commerce & sales applications
Marketing
Online education
Manufacturing
Training simulations
Gaming
Game development

AWS can also be used for game development. Large game developing companies, such as Ubisoft, will use AWS services for their games, like For Honor. AWS can provide services for each part of a game's lifecycle.

For example, AWS will provide a developer back-end services, analytics and developer tools. Developer tools should help aid developers in making their game, while back-end services might be able to help with building, deploying or scaling a developer's platform. Analytics might help developers better know their customers and how they play the game. Developers can also store data, or host game data on AWS servers.
Internet of Things

AWS also has a variety of services that enable the internet of things (IoT) deployments. The AWS IoT service provides a back-end platform to manage IoT devices and data ingestion to other AWS storage and database services. The AWS IoT Button provides hardware for limited IoT functionality and AWS Greengrass brings AWS compute capabilities to IoT devices.
Other services

Amazon Web Services has a range of business productivity SaaS options, including:
The Amazon Chime service enables online video meetings, calls and text-based chats across devices.
Amazon WorkDocs, which is a file storage and sharing service
Amazon WorkMail, which is a business email service with calendaring features.

Desktop and streaming application services include Amazon WorkSpaces, a remote desktop-as-a-service platform (DaaS), and Amazon AppStream, a service that lets a developer stream a desktop application from AWS to an end user's web browser.
AWS pricing models and competition

AWS offers a pay-as-you-go model for its cloud services, either on a per-hour or per-second basis. There is also an option to reserve a set amount of compute capacity at a discounted price for customers who prepay in whole, or who sign up for one- or three-year usage commitments.

If potential customers can’t afford the costs, then AWS Free Tier is another possible avenue for using AWS services. AWS Free Tier allows users to gain first-hand experience with AWS services for free; they can access up to 60 products and start building on the AWS platform. Free Tier is offered in three different options: always free, 12 months free and trials.

AWS competes primarily with Microsoft Azure, Google and IBM in the public IaaS market.

Advanced SOAPUI Funtionality-- MOCK SERVICE

How to use Mock Service:--

Select File > New SOAP Project.
Once the project you have opened appears in the Navigator, right-click any SOAP interface and select Generate SOAP Mock Service.
The Generate Mock Service dialog will appear. ...
In the next dialog, specify a name for your new mock service and click OK.

If you are waiting for back-end API to finish , you could create mock service like this that defines what responses you would get back and use that to test your front-end.

As we know, what if change method to post if we call get on test path and then that path does not exist.

We do not want to generate load on the server with post test and do not want to put any data. still interact with the product in that way.

There is more we can do as well:

If we see the response we are telling back to give back the 200 status code. we could tell it any other code to get back.

If we create two responses one will status code 200 and other with status code 500. Then when we call this in action- it cycling through these responses because the dispatch option here set to sequence.

We can change the dispatch option with query script and there is option to pass the query and set the value which we like to pass. Then only we can get that value.
Here is Dipatch Option:







Here is QUERY PARAMETER--

Data - Driven test suite with set up Script in SoapUI

DATA DRIVEN CONCEPT----

Quite simply put, data-driven testing is when you store test data (input, expected output, etc) in some external storage (database, spreadsheet, xml-files, etc) and then use that data iteratively in your tests when running them. For example to test your phone-lookup service, you might have a list of names and expected phone-numbers in a database which you would use to "drive" your test, checking that each name gets the right phone-number back.

Here,I am creating a CSV file and named as input file. I add groovy test script to it. let's  create variable input variable Path and call the test runner. I have defined the property in test suite and Iam going to get that property value and read the data out of that file and convert into string.

Read data and setting the property value from that file. Each times it adds the value and run the test case and loop through this file and put the test case name which we want to use for our test. In this case I used Numconvert. It is performing function what I want .

This is the test case -- I am using test suite property invalue that gives the value from our csv file and outvalue that contains NumberTodollar 

lets use set up script, I am reading in the file and put result in our test case property .. 

get handle to the file and create file objects and open the file path and make an array and that will read each line from that array and we can assert to check the number of lines. 

Selenium Basics

1. What is an automation testing?

Automation testing involves the use of a separate testing tool which lets you create test scripts which can be executed repeatedly and doesn’t require any manual intervention.

2. What are the benefits of Automation testing ?

Supports execution of repeated test cases
Enables parallel execution
Improves accuracy thereby reducing human-generated errors
Saves time and money

3. What is Selenium?

Selenium is one of the most popular testing suites. Is is designed in the way to automate the functional aspects of web application and wide range of browsers and platforms. Due to its existence in open source community, it has become one of the most accepted testing tool. It is the package of several testing tools. The main purpose of automation to reduce the time of regression.

4. Why do you prefer Selenium Automation Tool?

Some of the benefits of Selenium to do automation testing are
Free and open source –
Have large user base and helping communities.
Cross Platform compatibility
Multiple programming languages
Parallel Execution
Continuous Integration

5.Which execution engine have you used?

Selenium has no execute engine. J unit is used in selenium C#.

6.How do you capture the screen shot during run time?

We design out test case in such a way when there is any failure occur it goes to the catch block there we can write the code to capture the screenshot. We link the screenshot to extent report when failure occur screenshot will attach.

7. What are the Selenium components?

Selenium IDE- It is a Firefox/Chrome plug-in that was developed to speed up the creation of automation scripts. It records the user actions on the web browser and exports them as a reusable script.

Selenium Remote Control (RC)- RC is a server that allows users to write application tests in various programming languages. The commands from the test script are accepted by this server and are sent to the browser as Selenium core JavaScript commands. The browser then behaves accordingly. It is deprecated.

Selenium Web Driver- Web Driver is a programming interface that helps create and run test cases. It makes provision to act on web elements. Unlike RC, Web Driver does not require an additional server and interacts naively with the browser applications.

Selenium Grid- Grid was designed to distribute commands to different machines simultaneously. It allows the parallel execution of tests on different browsers and different operating systems.

8. What is Selenium framework?

Is is a code structure for making code maintainable simpler and code readability better. It involves breaking the entire code into smaller pieces of code which test a particular functionality.

9. What are the different types of framework available in Selenium?

Data Driven Framework:-
When the entire test data is generated from some external files like Excel, CSV, XML or some database table, then it is called Data Driven framework.

Keyword Driven Framework:-
When only the instructions and operations are written in a different file like an Excel worksheet or in feature file, it is called Keyword Driven framework.

Hybrid Framework:-

A combination of both the Data Driven framework and the Keyword Driven framework is called Hybrid framework

10. What are the challenges and limitation of Selenium Web driver?

Challenges -it is difficult to test image based application.

Can not perform tests on web services like soap and rest using Selenium

Limitations- Can not test mobile applications and window based applications, can not test the barcode.

11. Which Framework you worked on?

I have worked on Data driven and behaviour driven framework. Explain the components of framework.

12.What was your challenge during framework design?

My challenge was to identifying the proper structure and  all right components which fulfill our current and future requirements. The main challenge was how to write page functions, libraries of the framework. 

13. What source code management tool have you used?

I have used git repository  for my source code management. It is the Central location where we can push our code and people can clone. We can resolve the conflicts and merge and check out the project.

14. How many team members were there in your team?

In my company, we follow agile approach . We have small number of team. In my module, there are 5 members out of 2 QA , whose responsibilities is to start automation from functional testing  to the performance testing.

15. How many browser have you covered?
Basically 2- Chrome, Firefox

16. How did you manage to work in multiple browser?

We use Jenkins to trigger our scripts.

17. How many scripts do you automate in a day?

It depends on end to end Scenario, How good framework you have whether all page factory ready or not.

18. What are the testing types supported by Selenium?

Selenium basically supports Regression testing and Functional testing, UAT testing.

Steps involved are -
Re-testing: All tests in the existing test suite are executed. It proves to be very expensive and time-consuming.
Regression test selection: Tests are classified as feature tests, integration tests, and the end to end tests. In this step, some of the tests are selected.
Prioritization of test cases: The selected test cases are prioritized based on business impact and critical functionalities.

Functional testing - Functional Testing involves the verification of every function of the application with the required specification.

The following are the steps involved:
Identify test input
Compute test outcome
Execute test
Compare the test outcome with the actual outcome 

19. What is the difference between Selenium 2.0 and Selenium 3.0?

Selenium 2.0 is a tool that makes the development of automated tests for web applications easier. It represents the merger of the original Selenium project with the Web Driver project. Selenium RC got deprecated since the merge, however, was used for backward compatibility



Selenium 3.0 is the extended version of Selenium 2.0. It is inherently backward compatible and does not involve Selenium RC. The new version came along with several bug fixes and increased stability.


20. What is the same-origin policy and how is it handled?

Same Origin policy is a feature adopted for security purposes. According to this policy, a web browser allows scripts from one web page to access the contents of another web page provided both the pages have the same origin. The origin refers to a combination of the URL scheme, host name, and port number.

21. What is Selenese? How is it classified?

Selenese is the set of Selenium commands which are used to test your web application. The tester can test the broken links, the existence of some object on the UI, Ajax functionality, alerts, window, list options, and a lot more using Selenese.

Action: Commands which interact directly with the application

Accessors: Allow the user to store certain values to a user-defined variable

Assertions: Verifies the current state of the application with an expected state

22. Mention the types of Web locators.

Locator is a command that tells Selenium IDE which GUI elements ( say Text Box, Buttons, Check Boxes, etc) it needs to operate on. Locators specify the area of action.

Locator by ID: It takes a string parameter which is a value of the ID attribute which returns the object to findElement() method.

Locator by the link: If your targeted element is a link text then you can use the by.linkText locator to locate that element.

Locator by Partial link: The target link can be located using a portion of text in a link text element.

Locator by Name: The first element with the name attribute value matching the location will be returned.

Locator by TagName: Locates all the elements with the matching tag name

Locator by classname: This finds elements based on the value of the CLASS attribute. If an element has many classes then this will match against each of them.

Locator by XPath: It takes a parameter of String which is a XPATHEXPRESSION and it returns an object to findElement() method.

Locator by CSS Selector: Locates elements based on the driver’s underlying CSS selector engine.

23. Mention the types of navigation commands

driver.navigate()  - Navigates to the provided URL

driver.navigate().refresh() - This method refreshes the current page

driver.navigate().forward() - This method does the same operation as clicking on the Forward Button of any browser. It neither accepts nor returns anything.

driver.navigate().back() - This method does the same operation as clicking on the Back Button of any browser. It neither accepts nor returns anything.

24. What is the major difference between driver.close() and driver.quit()?

driver.close()- This command closes the browser’s current window. If multiple windows are open, the current window of focus will be closed.

driver.quit()- When quit() is called on the driver instance and there are one or more browser windows open, it closes all the open browser windows.


25. How to type text in an input box using Selenium?

SendKeys() is the method used to type text in input boxes

26. How to mouse hover over a web element?

Actions class utility is used to hover over a web element in Selenium Web Driver

Instantiate Actions class.

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

27. What is POM (Page Object Model)?

Every web page of the application has a corresponding page class that is responsible for locating the web elements and performing actions on them. Page Object Model is a design pattern that helps create object repositories for the web elements. POM improves code re-usability and readability. Multiple test cases can be run on the object repository. It keeps the test and element locators separately. 

28. Difference between Page Factory and Page Object model?

Page Object Model- It is a design pattern to create object repository for web UI elements. Each web page should have corresponding page class. 

Page Factory- It is the way to initialise the web elements within the page object when an instance is created.

29. How to handle multiple windows in Selenium?

A window Handle is a unique identifier that holds the address of all the windows. This is basically a pointer to the window which returns the string value.

getWindowHandle()- To get the current window handle.

getWindowHandles ()- To get all opened window handles.

30. What are assert and verify commands?

Assert is used to compare actual result with excepted result.

Verify means there wont be any halt in the test execution even though the verify condition is true and false. Verifies if the specified condition is true and false. If the result is true, the next test step will be executed. In case of false condition, the execution would still continue

31. What does the switch To() command do?

Switch To() command is used to switch between windows, frames or pop-ups within the application. Every window instantiated by the Web Driver is given a unique alphanumeric value called “Window Handle”.

Get the window handle of the window you wish to switch to

String handle= driver.getWindowHandle();

Switch to the desired window

driver.switchTo().window(handle);

32. When do we use findElement() and findElements()?

findElement() is used to access any single element on the web page. It returns the object of the first matching element of the specified locator. It throws an exception when element is not visible.

General syntax:

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(page1));

findElements() is used to find all the elements in the current web page matching the specified locator value. All the matching elements would be fetched and stored in the list of Web elements. It does not throw an exception when elements are not visible.

General syntax:

List <WebElement> elementList = driver.findElements(By.id(page1));


33. What is the difference between single and double slash in Xpath?

Single slash is used to create Xpath with an absolute path i.e. the XPath would be created to start selection from the start node.

/html/body/h1/h2

Double slash is used to create Xpath with relative path i.e. the XPath would be created to start selection from anywhere within the document

//div[class="hello"]

34. Selenium WebDriver Commands in C#:

Browser commands- Url, Title, pageSource, close, quit, back, forward, refresh
Web Element commands- Click, Clear, SendKeys, Displayed, Enabled, Selected, Submit,Text, TagName, GetCSSValue
Dropdown commands- SelectByText, SelectByValue, options, IsMultiple, deselectAll, deselectByIndex, deselectByValue, deselectByText

35. Explain the different exceptions in Selenium WebDriver.

TimeoutException: This exception is thrown when a command performing an operation does not complete in the stipulated time

NoSuchElementException: This exception is thrown when an element with given attributes is not found on the web page

ElementNotVisibleException: This exception is thrown when the element is present in DOM (Document Object Model), but not visible on the web page

StaleElementException: This exception is thrown when the element is either deleted or no longer attached to the DOM

36. Write a code to wait for a particular element to be visible on a page. Write a code to wait for an alert to appear.

We can write a code such that we specify the xpath of the web element that needs to be visible on the page and then ask the WebDriver to wait for a specified time. Look at the sample piece of code below:

WebDriverWait wait=new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
Element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.xpath( “<xpath”)));


Similarly, we can write another piece of code asking the WebDriver to wait until an error appears like this:
WebDriverWait wait=new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
Element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());

37.How can you fetch an attribute from an element? How to retrieve typed text from a textbox?

We can fetch the attribute of an element by using the getAttribute() method. Sample code:
WebElement eLogin = driver.findElement(By.name(“Login”);
String LoginClassName = eLogin.getAttribute("classname");

38. What is a Robot class?


This robot class provides control over the mouse and keyboard devices.

The methods include:
KeyPress(): This method is called when you want to press any key.
KeyRelease(): This method is used to release the pressed key on the keyboard.
MouseMove(): This method is called when you want to move the mouse pointer in the X and Y co-ordinates.
MousePress(): This is used to press the left button of the mouse.
MouseMove(): This method helps in releasing the pressed button of the mouse.

39. How to handle a dropdown in Selenium WebDriver? How to select a value from dropdown?
This is a 2 step process:
Identify the ‘select’ html element (Because dropdowns must have the ‘select’ tag)
Select an option from that dropdown element

To identify the ‘select’ html element from the web page, we need to use findElement() method. Look at the below piece of code:

WebElement mySelectElement = driver.findElement(By.id("mySelect"));
Select dropdown = new Select(mySelectElement);


Now to select an option from that dropdown, we can do it in either of the three ways:

dropdown.selectByVisibleText(“ABC”); → Selecting an option by the text that is visible
dropdown.selectByIndex(“1”); → Selecting, by choosing the Index number of that option
dropdown.selectByValue(“option2”); → Selecting, by choosing the value of that option

40. Difference between isselected, isenabled, isdisplayed

isdisplayed()- whether the element is diplay on web page or not 

isenabled ()- whether element is enable or disable

isselected()- whether element is selected or not - in case of radio buttons, check box and drop downs 

41. how to resize the browser window?

dimension d= new dimension (480,620);

driver.manage.setsize(d);

42. When do we use selenium grid?

It can be used to execute same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and browsers concurrently so as to achieve distributed test execution.

43. how to drag and drop an element?

action.clickandHold(driver.findelement()).release().build().perform()